W-9

A standard IRS form used in the United States. It is most commonly provided by freelancers, contractors, vendors, or other non-employees to businesses or individuals who are required to report payments made to them. The form enables the payer to collect essential tax information from the payee, allowing them to accurately complete information returns, such as Form 1099-NEC or Form 1099-MISC.

Purpose of the W-9

The primary purpose of the W-9 is to provide the payer with the recipient’s Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), which may be either a Social Security Number (SSN) for individuals or an Employer Identification Number (EIN) for businesses. By signing the form, the recipient certifies that the information provided is correct and that they are not subject to backup withholding, unless otherwise indicated.

Key Information Collected

The W-9 form requires several important details:

• Name and Business Name: Identifies whether the payee is operating as an individual, sole proprietor, or business entity.
• Federal Tax Classification: Specifies if the entity is an individual/sole proprietor, partnership, corporation, LLC, or other category.
• Exemptions: Notes whether the entity is exempt from backup withholding or specific reporting requirements.
• Address: Provides a mailing address where tax forms, such as 1099s, can be sent.
• Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN): Either an SSN or EIN.
• Certification Signature: Confirms accuracy of the information and compliance with IRS rules.

When It Is Used

Businesses use W-9s whenever they need to report payments of $600 or more to a contractor, vendor, or other entity during a tax year. Some of the most common scenarios include:

• Independent contractors or freelancers working for a company.
• Service providers such as consultants, accountants, or designers.
• Landlords receive rental income.
• Financial institutions reporting interest, dividends, or other taxable transactions.

Distinction from Other Tax Forms

The W-9 differs from employment tax forms like the W-4, which employees complete to enable employers to withhold taxes from their wages. Unlike employees, independent contractors are responsible for managing their own tax withholdings and estimated tax payments. The W-9 is not submitted directly to the IRS; instead, it is retained by the requesting business to prepare required tax filings.

Properly collecting and maintaining W-9s ensures businesses comply with federal reporting requirements and avoid penalties for failing to furnish accurate information returns. For contractors and vendors, providing a completed W-9 ensures timely and accurate issuance of tax documents, which are necessary for preparing annual income tax returns.